Computers and Computing History

Download or Read On-Line

(For Your Knowledge or Curiosity)

Babbage Analytical Engine

• Babbage Analytical Engine by Major-General H. P. Babbage
• Charles Babbage History by J.A.N. Lee
• Skettch of the Analytical Engine by L. F. Menabrea
• The Analytical Engine by Major-General H. P. Babbage
• Who Was Charles Babbage by unknown

Computer History

• Computing History illustrated compiled by Mark E. Donaldson
• Cray Historical Timeline 1972-2007
• COMPUTER - Bit Slices from A Life by Herbert R.J. Grosch
• A Brief History of RISC and the IBM RS-6000
• A Brief History of the IBM AS-400 and iSeries
• A Brief History of the IBM ES-9000
• A Chronology of Digital Computing Machines by Mark Brader
• A Computer that Grows with You - PDP-6 (Business Week Reprint)
• A History of Computing Research at Bell Labs by Bernard D. Holbrook and W. Stanley Brown
• A History of the Computer in Table Format
• A Photo Chronology of Supercomputing by Gordon Bell
• Albert Einstien Letter to Roosevelt
• An Electronic Tabulating System by Herman Hollerith
• An Illustrated History of Computers by John Kopplin
• Codes and Ciphers in History by Derek J. Smith
• Computer Data Storage Through the Ages by Paul Lilly
• Computer Structures - What We Learned From the PDP-11 (Original) by Gordon Bell and Willian Strecker
• Computers at the University of Pennsylvania by Herman H. Goldstine
• Crays, Cluster, Centers, and Grids by Gordon Bell
• DEC 1957 to Present (1978) (Digital Equipment Corporation)
• DEC Early Days by Gordon Bell
• DEC PDP Tree Poster
• DEC PDP Tree
• Denelcor HEP Multiprocessor Simulator by T.H. Dunigan
• Digital at Work by Jamie Parker Pearson
• Father Figure - William R. Hewlett by Larry Gordon (Stanford Magazine)
• Forgotten PC History by Lamont Wood
• Founding Fathers - Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard by David Jacobson (Stanford Magazine)
• Fred Terman Father of the Silicon Valley by Carolyn E. Tajnai
• Freeman PC Museum PC Timeline
• Happy Birthday x86 by Gary Anthes
• History of Burroughs Corporation
• History of Commodore 64
• History of Commodore Computers
• History of Computers
• History of Control Data Corporation (CDC)
• History of DECmate
• History of Macintosh
• History of SGI
• History of Sun Microsystems Tom Kranz
• History of the Honeywell Corporation by Maurice J. Monti
• History of the IBM PC
• History of the UNIVAC by John Walker
• Information Storage - Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow by Albert S. Hoagland
• IBM Archives (EXE File) (IBM)
• Inside HP - A Narrative History of Hewlet-Packard Drom 1939 to 1990 by John Minck
• Intel 8008 History by Federico Faggin et al
• Intel Processor Historical Timeline (Intel)
• Interview With Federico Faggin (Stanford University)
• Interview With Marcian Ted Hoff (Stanford University)
• Introduction and History of Modems
• Introduction to Electronic Analogue Computing by Lawrence T. Bryant and Louis C. Just
• Konrad Zuse by By J. J. O'Connor and E F Robertson
• Microprocessor History Part I by Roy Davis
• Microprocessor History Part II by Roy Davis
• MODEM History Overview by Bob Pollard
• PDP-1 Story
• PDP-8 FAQ by Douglas Jones
• Personal Computing Before PC by Gordon Bell
• Retrospective - Computer Structures - What We Learned by Gordon Bell and W.D. Strecker
• Scientific American Interview with Gordon E. Moore (Scientific American)
• Seymore Cray Lecture Series by Gordon Bell
• Seymore Cray
• Short Term Memory Subtypes in Computing and Artificial Intelligence by Derek J. Smith
• The Birth of PC Software
• The Curious History of the First Pocket Calculator by Cliff Stoll
• The History of Computers by unknown
• The History of a Microprocessor by unknown
• The PDP-8
• The Story of Hewlett-Packard by John L. Minck and Barry Manz
• The UNIVAC I
• The Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory by Eleanor Krawitz
• Timeline of Computing History
• UNIVAC Systems Timeline
• VAX Strategy 1979 by Gordon Bell
• Zuse Z3 Square Root Algorithm Talk by Brian J. Shelburne
• Intel 4004 Chip Simulator written by Brian Silverman and Barry Silverman (A Java Application)
• Intel 4004 Schematics
• Intel 4004 Schematic and Layout Analyzer written by Lajos Kintli
• Floating Point Benchmark Software written by John Walker

Apple

• Apple IIe Personal Computer System
• Apple-1 Operation Manual

Burroughs

• Burroughs 205 Central Computer Handbood
• Burroughs B21 Brochure

CDC (Control Data Corporation) Manuals and Brochures

DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) and PDP (Programmed Data Processor) Manuals and Brochures

• DECSYSTEM-20 Assembly Language Guide
• PDP-1 Manual 1960
• PDP-1 Manual 1961
• PDP-11 Handbook 1969
• PDP-4 Manual 1962
• PDP-5 Manual 1964

Cray Manuals and Brochures

• Cray Extended Architecture Series of Computer Systems
• ADA for Cray Supercomputers
• Cray X-MP Series of Computer Systems
• Cray-1 Computer System
• Cray X-MP Series of Computers
• Cray-2 Computer System
• Fortran Compiler for Cray Supercomputers
• Cray-1 S Series of Computers
• VAX-VMS for Cray Computer Systems

HP (Hewlett-Packagrd) Manuals and Brochures

IBM Manuals and Brochures

• IBM 513-514 Reproducing Punch Reference Manual

Packard Bell Manuals and Brochures

• HYCOMP 250 Computing System
• HYCOMP Hybrid Computing System

Computer History - Gordon Moore

• Moore's Law - Raising the Bar (Intel)
• Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits - Moore's Law 1965 by Gordon E. Moore
• Excepts From A Conversation with Gordon Moore - Moore's Law (Intel)
• Interview With Gordon Moore (Stanford University)
• Gordon Moore Biography (Intel)
• Intel Architectural Innovation for the Future (Intel)
• Intel Designing for Power (Intel)
• Intel Drives Moore's Law Forward 2004 (Intel)
• Intel Innovation More Important than Ever 2005 (Intel)
• Intel Microprocessor Poster (Intel)
• Intel Silicon Inovation (Intel)
• Lithography and the Future of Moore's Law by Gordon E. Moore
• Moore's Law - An Intel Perspective (Intel)
• Moore's Law Ants (Intel)
• Moore's Law Driving (Intel)
• Moore's Law Electricity (Intel)
• Moore's Law Flight (Intel)
• Moore's Law in Perspective (Intel)
• Moore's Law Newspaper (Intel)
• Moore's Law Pins (Intel)
• Moore's Law Poster (Intel)
• Moore's Law Timeline (Intel)
• Moore's Law (Intel)
• Transistor Count Bar Chart (Intel)

Database History

• 25 Years of Database History by Bob DuCharme
• A Short Database History by unknown
• History of Oracle Corporation by unknown
• Is Codd Dead by Dawn (TinCat Group)

ENIAC-EDVA-BINIAC-JOHNIAC

• Electronic Computers Within the Ordinance Corps by Karl Kempf
• ENIAC - The Army Sponsored Revolution by William T. Moye
• ENIAC Computer Tree
• My Life with ENIAC by Harry Reed
• The BINAC by Eckert-Mauchly
• The ENIAC Story by Martin H. Weik
• The History of Computing at BRL by Mike Muuss

Networking and Internet History

• A Brief History of the Internet by Walt Howe
• A Short History of TCP-IP by unknown
• A Technical History of the ARPANET by unknown
• An Overview of TCP-IP by Gary C. Kessler
• Ethernet Patent US4063220 by Walt Howe
• A Short History of TCP-IP by Robert Metcalf
• Ethernet Story by Suresh Bazaj
• History of ARPANET by Michael Hauben
• History of Novell by unknown
• History of TCP-IP by unknown
• Hobbes Interent Timeline by Robert H Zakon
• Leonard Kleinrock Ph.D. Thesis - Information Flow in Large Communication Nets Part 1 by Leonard Kleinrock
• Leonard Kleinrock Ph.D. Thesis - Information Flow in Large Communication Nets Part 2 by Leonard Kleinrock
• Leonard Kleinrock Ph.D. Thesis - Information Flow in Large Communication Nets Part 3 by Leonard Kleinrock
• Man Computer Communication by J.C.R. Licklider
• Bob Metcalf's First Ethernet Presentaion by Bob Metcalf
• On Distributed Communications I - Introduction to Distributed Communications Networks by Paul Baran
• On Distributed Communications II - Digital Simulation of Hot-Potato Routing in a Broadband Distributed Communications Network by Sharla P. Boehm and Paul Baran
• On Distributed Communications III - Determination of Path-Lengths in a Distributed Network by Leonard Kleinrock
• RFC 2555 30 Years of RFCs
• The Internet Explained by unknown
• The LAN Turns 30 by Lamont Wood
• The Legend of Bob Metcalf by Scott Kirsner
• Looking Back at the ARPANET Effort 30 Years Later by David C. Walden
• The Awakening Internet by Judith Molka-Danielsen
• Who Really Invented the Internet by Leo L. Beranek
• A Brief History of NSF and the Internet by unknown
• A Concise Guide to the Major Internet Bodies by Alex Simonelis
• A Forward Look by Dr.Lawrence G. Roberts
• A Lifetime Pursuit by Christina Engelbart
• A Short History of Internet Protocols at CERN by Ben Segal
• ARPA Network Implications by Lawrence G. Roberts
• ARPANET Completion Report (Classic) by Stephen T. Walker
• ARPANET by unknown
• As We May Think by Vannevar Bush (TheAtlantic)
• Bill Joy Interview - A Call for Early Intervention (Ubiquity)
• Bob Metcalf Inverview - Where Do We Go From Here (Ubiquity)
• Computer Network Development to Achieve Resource Sharing by Lawrence G. Roberts and Barry D. Wessler
• Data Processing Technology Forecast by Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts
• Early Networks at UKC by Peter Collinson
• Explicit Rate Flow Control by Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts
• Flow Control - Explicit Rate vs TCP by Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts
• Gordon Bell Interview - CyberAll (Ubiquity)
• Griffiths History of the Internet by Richard T. Griffiths
• Historical Raisins - OSI Wars
• History and Overview of CSNET by Peter J. Denning, Anthony Hearn, and C. William Kern
• History of the Internet and Its Flexible Future by Leonard Kleinrock
• Ian Peters History of the Internet by Ian Peter
• In the Beginning - Early Networks in the UK by unknown
• Information Management - A Proposal by Tim Berners-Lee
• Internet Chronology by Lawrence G. Roberts
• Internet History and Growth by William F. Slater III
• ISOC - A Brief History of the Internet by Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts and Stephen Wolff
• Larry Roberts by Mark E. Donaldson
• Leonard Kleinrock Biography by Mark E. Donaldson
• Leonard Kleinrock Interview - Kleinrock on Nomadic Computing (Ubiquity)
• Leonard Kleinrock Interview - On the Origins of the Internet (Charles Petrie - EIC)
• Lincoln Laboratory - Looking Forward and Back by William Buxton
• More History of the Internet by unknown
• Multiple Computer Networks by Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts
• Network to Source Rate Based Flow Control by Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts
• On Packet Switching (Ian Peter)
• On the Design of TCP (Ian Peter)
• On the Origin of the Interenet (Ian Peter)
• Packet Switching or Optical Switching by Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts
• Past and Future History of the Internet by David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Lawrence G. Roberts, and Stephen S. Wolff
• Pattern Recognition With An Adaptive Network by Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts
• Performance of Explicit Rate Flow Control by Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts
• Resource Sharing Computer Networks by Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts
• Robert Kahn Interview - Putting it all Together with Robert Kahn (Ubiquity)
• Robert Taylor - An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution (John Markoff)
• Robert Taylor - Building the Internet by Marion Softky
• Some Internet History and What Happened Before by Rob Blokzijl
• Starting the Commercial Internet in the UK by Peter Houlder
• The ARPA Network by Lawrence.G.Roberts and Barry D. Wessler
• The ARPANET and Computer Networks by Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts
• The Birth and Development of the ARPANET by Ronda Hauben
• The Day the Infant Internet Uttered its First Words by Leonard Kleinrock
• The Evolution of Packet Switching by Dr. Lawrence.G.Roberts
• The First Network Email by Ray Tomlison
• The History of ARPA Leading up to the ARPANET by unknown
• The Network Technology Spiral (Juniper Networks)
• The WorldWideWeb Browser by Tim Berners-Lee
• Topics for Discussion at the Forthcoming Meeting by J.C.R.Licklider
• Tward A Cooperative Network Of Time by Thomas Marill and Dr. Lawrence.G.Roberts
• Unknown History of the internet by Paul Baran
• Vint Cerf Interview - Cerfs Up Again (Ubiquity)
• Vint Cerf Interview - Chatting With Vint Cerf (Ubiquity)

The ENQUIRE System

Tim Berners-Lee

• Cover
• TOC
• Page 1
• Page 2
• Page 3
• Page 4
• Page 5
• Page 6
• Page 7
• Page 8
• Page 9
• Page 10

Operating Systems

• A Brief History of UNIX by Charles Severance
• A Brief History of Microsoft Windows by Michael Miller
• A History of UNIX (The OpenGroup)
• Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson (Bell Labs)
• Free as in Freedom - Richard Stallman Biography by Sam Williams
• UNIX History Chart by Eric Levenez
• UNIX History Timeline Chart by Eric Levenez
• UNIX History Timeline Chart 2 by Eric Levenez
• Windows History Timeline Chart by Eric Levenez
• Windows History Timeline Chart 2 by Eric Levenez
• Gone but not Forgotten - 10 Operating Systems the World Left Behind by Matt Lake (ComputerWorld)
• History of Linux by Ragib Hasan
• History of MS-DOS
• History of Operating Systems
• History of OS/2
• History of UNIX by Ronda Hauben
• History of Windows 3.1
• History of Windows
• Introduction and Overview of the Multics System by F. J. Corbató and V. A. Vyssotsky
• Original Learn Command UNIX-C (Mike Kesk)
• Origins and History of UNIX
• The Creation of UNIX (Bell Labs)
• The Sad Parable of OS/2 by Dennis E. Powell
• The UNIX Time Sharing System by Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson (Bell Labs)
• Timeline - 40 Years of OS Milestones by Matt Lake (ComputerWorld)
• UNIX at 25 by Peter H. Salus
• UNIX History Diagram by Mark E. Donaldson
• UNIX Programmer's Manual - Version 7 Volume 2A (Bell Labs)
• UNIX Programmer's Manual - Version 7 Volume 2B (Bell Labs)
• UNIX Programmer's Manual - Version 7 Volume I (Bell Labs)
• Windows 2000 Historical Timeline by Mark E. Donaldson
• Windows NT and VMS by Mark Russinovich
• Windows Server 2003 - The Road to Gold by Paul Therrott
• Windows Timeline (Microsoft Corporation)

Programming and Applications

• FORTRAN Days by John Stuckey
• ELF - A File Structure for the Complex by Theodor H. Nelson
• An Efficient Hueristic Procedure for Partitioning Graphs by B. W. Kernighan and S. Lin
• Code from UNIX Programming Environment (Brian W. Kernigham)
• Programming Languages Timeline Chart by Eric Levenez
• Programming Languages Timeline Chart 2 by Eric Levenez
• Programmer's Reference Manual - Fortran for the IBM 704 (IBM Corporation)
• History of Word Processors
• Honeywell COBOL Orientation 1965 (Honeywell Corporation)
• IBM 7090 7094 Programming Systems Fortran II Language (IBM Corporation)
• IBM 7090 7094 Programming Systems Fortran IV Language (IBM Corporation)
• IBM Fortran II General Information Manual (IBM Corporation)
• IBM System 360-370 Programming Fortran IV Language (IBM Corporation)
• Interview with Brian Kernighan
• Java Technology - The Early Years by Jon Byous
• Programming in C - A Tutorial by Brian W. Kernighan
• Programming Language History
• C Reference Manual by Dennis M. Ritchie(Bell Labs)
• C++ Programming Language Reference Manual by Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Labs)
• A C++ Tutorial by Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Labs)
• Data Abstraction in C by Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Labs)
• The AutoDesk File - Bits of History Words of Experience by John Walker
• The Development of the C Language by Dennis M. Ritchie (Bell Labs)
• The Java Saga by David Bank (Wired Magazine)
• Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language by Brian W. Kernighan (Bell Labs)
• The Programming Language Pascal by Niklaus Wirth

Punch Cards

• A Collection of Punched Cards for Computer Programs by Douglas W. Jones
• A Collection of Punched Cards with Logos by Douglas W. Jones
• Application Specific Punched Cards by Douglas W. Jones
• Do Not Fold Spindle or Mutilate - A Hole Story of Punched Cards by George A. Fierheller
• Do Not Fold Spindle or Mutilate - A Cultural History of the Punch Card by Steven Lubar
• IBM Punch Card Systems in the US Army by Charles M. Province
• Illustrated Technical History of Punched Cards by Douglas W. Jones
• L.J. Comrie Frank da Cruz
• Programming with Punched Cards by Dale Fisk
• Punch Card Gallery by Douglas W. Jones
• Puched Cards - A Brief Tutorial by Robert V. Williams
• Remmington Rand Cover
• The Undead by George Dyson (Wired Magazine)
• When PC Still Means Punch Card by David L. Margulius

Historical Movie Clips (Classics) - Media Player Required

• Infamous Bill Gates Windows 98 Crash
• Steve Balmer Monkey Dance
• Steve Balmer Developers Video
• Bad Day - What Computers Once did to People